The PBL method and the revolution in medical learning

The methodology that changed the way of teaching is gaining more and more followers and is transforming the education of future physicians at UnexMED.

The PBL Method and the Revolution in Medical Education

The methodology that has changed the way teaching is done is gaining more and more supporters and transforming the education of future doctors at UnexMED.

An active, constructivist teaching methodology, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), adopted by UnexMED, has revolutionized medical education.

The method makes each medical student the protagonist of their own learning and encourages them to develop practical and problem-solving skills. The passive teaching model of traditional classes—which are purely theoretical—is giving way to an active methodology that places the individual at the center of the medical education process, starting in the first year of the program.

The technique gained prominence in medical education in the late 1960s—more specifically, in 1969—when the Canadian university, McMaster University, implemented PBL in its medical school program. The methodology began to be applied in Brazil in 1990.

What are the main differences between the PBL method and traditional teaching?

  1. The PBL method emphasizes practical, active learning, as opposed to the passive process of traditional classes, which are primarily theoretical and lecture-based.
  2. Faculty shift the focus of teaching to the students and place them at the center of the learning process.
  3. Students become the protagonists of their own journey.

According to Luana Reis, a postdoctoral researcher in health and assistant coordinator at UnexMED Jequié, “in the traditional teaching method, teachers are seen as the primary holders of knowledge and students adopt a more passive role, being assessed, in general, through theoretical exams. In Project-Based Learning, however, the scenario changes: the student becomes the protagonist of the learning process, developing autonomy, critical thinking, and practical skills through interdisciplinary projects. In this model, teachers do not lose their importance, but take on a new role—that of facilitators, who guide, encourage, and support students along their educational journey. Assessment is also evolving, placing greater emphasis on the ability of future doctors to apply their knowledge to solving real-world problems, which makes the process more dynamic and closely tied to professional practice,” she explains.

How the process is carried out

Designed to foster teamwork, critical thinking, and skills, the PBL Method encourages motivation, critical judgment, self-assessment, scientific inquiry, preparation to tackle complex challenges, and the development of teamwork skills.

PBL is not organized by subject area, but rather by thematic modules derived from the set of skills and knowledge deemed necessary. The individual study of students, guided by problem-based discussions held in the tutorial group, is the basic method for acquiring knowledge.

  1. The theme and the problem are defined;
  2. The groups determine how the study will be conducted and what the timeline will be;
  3. The student explores, takes notes, and lists their main questions. Research and data collection are conducted;
  4. In a group, they analyze information, discuss solutions, interpret results, and consider different perspectives;
  5. The evaluation is based on the solution to the problem.

How the problem should be presented

As a central element in the development of the study, the problem should avoid false leads that would distract the group from the main topic; it should also spark interest in a productive discussion and establish research objectives that allow for a deeper understanding of the proposed topic.

A good problem relates to situations that the students have already experienced. When the topic is unfamiliar, the group’s discussion suffers, since none of its members has the information needed to contribute. If the learning objectives listed by the class differ from those envisioned by the proposing group, the problem should be replaced.

The discussion begins when the tutorial group sets learning objectives. Students re-examine the problem in light of their newly acquired knowledge. All members of the group participate.

Benefits of PBL for students and institutions

In addition to fostering creativity and critical thinking, educational institutions create an environment more conducive to the development of the dynamic processes of learning.

  • More creative classes
  • Interdisciplinary integration
  • Improved quality in the relationship between faculty and students
  • Research development
  • Human-centered, social-emotional education
  • Promoting skills and expertise
  • A more efficient learning process
  • Development of skills required for the course
  • Innovative, more creative, and engaging education
  • Applying theoretical knowledge to real-world projects

O método torna cada estudante de Medicina protagonista do próprio aprendizado e incentiva a desenvolver habilidades práticas e resolutivas. O modelo de ensino passivo das aulas tradicionais – meramente teóricas – cede lugar a uma metodologia ativa, que insere a pessoa no centro do processo da educação médica, desde o primeiro ano do curso.

A técnica ganhou destaque na educação médica, no final da década de 60 – mais especificamente, em 1969 – quando a universidade canadense, McMaster University, implementou o PBL no curso de Medicina. A metodologia passou a ser aplicada no Brasil em 1990.

Quais as principais diferenças entre o método PBL e o ensino tradicional?

  1. O método PBL valoriza o aprendizado prático, ativo, diferente do processo passivo das aulas tradicionais, essencialmente teóricas e expositivas.
  2. O corpo docente transfere o eixo do ensino para os discentes e os inserem no centro do processo de aprendizagem.
  3. Estudante se torna protagonista da própria jornada.

Para Luana Reis, pós-doutora em saúde e coordenadora adjunta da UnexMED Jequié, “no método tradicional de ensino, docentes são vistos como os principais detentores do conhecimento e estudantes assumem uma postura mais passiva, sendo avaliados, em geral, por meio de provas teóricas. Já na Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos, o cenário muda: o estudante passa a ser protagonista do processo de aprendizagem, desenvolvendo autonomia, pensamento crítico e habilidades práticas ao longo de projetos interdisciplinares.

Nesse modelo, docentes não perdem sua importância, mas assumem um novo papel — o de facilitadores, que orientam, estimulam e acompanham o percurso do estudante. A avaliação também se transforma, valorizando a capacidade das futuras médicas e médicos de aplicar os conhecimentos na resolução de problemas reais, o que torna o processo mais dinâmico e conectado à prática profissional”, explica.

Como o processo é realizado

Criado para desenvolver o trabalho em equipe, o pensamento crítico e as competências, o Método PBL incentiva a motivação, senso crítico, autoavaliação, investigação científica, preparação para enfrentar desafios complexos e o desenvolvimento de habilidades de trabalho em equipe. O PBL não é organizado por disciplinas, mas por módulos temáticos derivados do conjunto de habilidades e conhecimentos previstos como necessários. O estudo individual dos discentes, orientado por discussões de problemas realizadas no grupo tutorial, é o método básico de aquisição de conhecimento.

O tema e o problema são definidos;
Os grupos definem como o estudo será realizado e qual será o cronograma;
Estudante explora, anota e relaciona as suas principais dúvidas. As pesquisas e as coletas de dados são realizadas;
Em grupo, analisam informações, discutem soluções, interpretam resultados e as diferentes perspectivas;
Embasada na solução do problema, a avaliação é realizada.

Como o problema deve ser apresentado

Elemento central para o desenvolvimento dos estudos, o problema deve evitar pistas falsas, que desviem a atenção do grupo em relação ao tema principal; além de despertar o interesse para uma discussão produtiva e eleger objetivos de estudo que permitam o aprofundamento de conhecimentos sobre o tema proposto.

Um bom problema relaciona situações já vivenciadas pelos discentes. Quando a proposição é desconhecida, a discussão do grupo fica prejudicada, já que nenhum de seus membros tem informação para contribuir. Se os objetivos de aprendizado elencados pela turma forem diferentes daqueles imaginados pelo grupo propositor, o problema deve ser substituído.

A discussão começa quando o grupo tutorial formula objetivos de aprendizado. Estudantes rediscutem o problema à luz dos novos conhecimentos adquiridos. Todos os membros do grupo participam.

Benefícios do PBL para estudantes e as instituições

Além de estimular a criatividade e o pensamento crítico, as instituições de ensino conquistam um ambiente mais propício ao desenvolvimento dos processos dinâmicos da aprendizagem.

  •  Aulas mais criativas;
  • Integração entre disciplinas;
  • Maior qualidade na relação entre docente e discente;
  • Desenvolvimento de pesquisas;
  • Ensino humanizado, socioemocional;
  •  Incentivo à habilidades e expertises;
  •  Processo de aprendizagem mais eficiente;
  • Desenvolvimento de habilidades necessárias ao curso;
  • Educação inovadora, mais criativa e motivada;
  • Aplicação de conhecimentos teóricos em projetos reais.

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Jéssica Tauana de Castro
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Luciano Freire
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Mariana Feliciano

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Jéssica Tauana de Castro 1st semester

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“I chose UnexMED because it offers a wonderful Medicine program, with great professors and state-of-the-art facilities. It is a dream come true! What made the difference was the chance to take such a competitive program right here, without having to leave the region. For me, being at UnexMED is a milestone and the certainty of belonging to an institution that values our... Ingrid Santos Silva 1st semester

“I always felt that Medicine chose me; it was a dream I had carried since childhood. When the time came to make it real, I chose UnexMED for its excellence. The cutting-edge technology, the quality of the faculty and the complete facilities were what made me certain I was on the right path for my training.”

Luciano Freire 1st semester

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“I chose Medicine because it was a dream since I was a child; I always dreamed of studying Medicine. I intend to save people’s lives. And I chose UnexMED for its facilities, for the name it has and for the quality of its teaching.”

Mariana Feliciano 1st semester