The PBL Method and the Revolution in Medical Education
The methodology that has changed the way teaching is done is gaining more and more supporters and transforming the education of future doctors at UnexMED.
An active, constructivist teaching methodology, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), adopted by UnexMED, has revolutionized medical education.
The method makes each medical student the protagonist of their own learning and encourages them to develop practical and problem-solving skills. The passive teaching model of traditional classes—which are purely theoretical—is giving way to an active methodology that places the individual at the center of the medical education process, starting in the first year of the program.
The technique gained prominence in medical education in the late 1960s—more specifically, in 1969—when the Canadian university, McMaster University, implemented PBL in its medical school program. The methodology began to be applied in Brazil in 1990.
What are the main differences between the PBL method and traditional teaching?
- The PBL method emphasizes practical, active learning, as opposed to the passive process of traditional classes, which are primarily theoretical and lecture-based.
- Faculty shift the focus of teaching to the students and place them at the center of the learning process.
- Students become the protagonists of their own journey.
According to Luana Reis, a postdoctoral researcher in health and assistant coordinator at UnexMED Jequié, “in the traditional teaching method, teachers are seen as the primary holders of knowledge and students adopt a more passive role, being assessed, in general, through theoretical exams. In Project-Based Learning, however, the scenario changes: the student becomes the protagonist of the learning process, developing autonomy, critical thinking, and practical skills through interdisciplinary projects. In this model, teachers do not lose their importance, but take on a new role—that of facilitators, who guide, encourage, and support students along their educational journey. Assessment is also evolving, placing greater emphasis on the ability of future doctors to apply their knowledge to solving real-world problems, which makes the process more dynamic and closely tied to professional practice,” she explains.
How the process is carried out
Designed to foster teamwork, critical thinking, and skills, the PBL Method encourages motivation, critical judgment, self-assessment, scientific inquiry, preparation to tackle complex challenges, and the development of teamwork skills.
PBL is not organized by subject area, but rather by thematic modules derived from the set of skills and knowledge deemed necessary. The individual study of students, guided by problem-based discussions held in the tutorial group, is the basic method for acquiring knowledge.
- The theme and the problem are defined;
- The groups determine how the study will be conducted and what the timeline will be;
- The student explores, takes notes, and lists their main questions. Research and data collection are conducted;
- In a group, they analyze information, discuss solutions, interpret results, and consider different perspectives;
- The evaluation is based on the solution to the problem.
How the problem should be presented
As a central element in the development of the study, the problem should avoid false leads that would distract the group from the main topic; it should also spark interest in a productive discussion and establish research objectives that allow for a deeper understanding of the proposed topic.
A good problem relates to situations that the students have already experienced. When the topic is unfamiliar, the group’s discussion suffers, since none of its members has the information needed to contribute. If the learning objectives listed by the class differ from those envisioned by the proposing group, the problem should be replaced.
The discussion begins when the tutorial group sets learning objectives. Students re-examine the problem in light of their newly acquired knowledge. All members of the group participate.
Benefits of PBL for students and institutions
In addition to fostering creativity and critical thinking, educational institutions create an environment more conducive to the development of the dynamic processes of learning.
- More creative classes
- Interdisciplinary integration
- Improved quality in the relationship between faculty and students
- Research development
- Human-centered, social-emotional education
- Promoting skills and expertise
- A more efficient learning process
- Development of skills required for the course
- Innovative, more creative, and engaging education
- Applying theoretical knowledge to real-world projects